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# varijo va thale khitto okamokata ubbhato

# pariphandat' idaj cittaj maradheyyaj pahatave

# (DhP 34)

Sentence Translation:

Like a fish, thrown from all abodes on a dry ground
this mind trembles in order to leave Mara's realm.

Sentence Structure:
List of Abbreviations

varijo va thale khitto okam+okato ubbhato
| | | | | | |
N.m. part. N.n. Adj.m. N.n. Adv. Adv.
Nom.Sg. | Loc.Sg. Nom.Sg. |_____| |
| | |_______| |________|
|_________|_________| |
| |______________________|
|_______________|
|_____________________________________________________

List of Abbreviations

pariphandati idaj cittaj mara+dheyyaj pahatave
| | | | | |
V.act.in. Pron.n. N.n. N.m. N.m. V.inf.
3.Sg.pres. Nom.Sg. Nom.Sg. | Acc.Sg. |
| |________| |______| |
|____________| |___________|
|___________________________|
________________________|

Vocabulary and Grammar:
List of Abbreviations

varijo: varija-, N.m.: fish. Etymology: it is a compound of:
vari-, N.n.: water.
-ja-, suf.: born. Derived from the verb jan- (to be born).
Nom.Sg. = varijo.

va, part.: as, like.

thale: thala-, N.n.: dry ground, land. Loc.Sg. = thale.

khitto: khitta-, Adj.: thrown, cast. It is a p.p. of the verb khip- (to throw, to cast). Nom.Sg.m. = khitto.

List of Abbreviations

okamokato, Adv.: from all abodes. The phrase okam+oka-, N.n.: abodes; oka-, N.n.: home, abode, shelter. The letter m in between two words is just the result of euphonic combination. The form okato (from the abode) is the old ablative from the Sanskrit form of the word. Because the following word (ubbhato) begins with u-, the final -o changes to -a.
Another explanation for this phrase takes the first oka+m- as the contraction of the word udaka-, N.n.: water. Then the phrase would translate: from the watery abode. This explanation is favored by most translators, even by the ancient commentator Buddhaghosa.

ubbhato, Adv.: both, twofold, in both ways.

pariphandati, V,: quiver, throb, tremble. The verb root phand- (to twitch, to move) with the prefix pari- (all around, completely). 3.Sg.act.in.pres. = pariphandati.

List of Abbreviations

idaj: idaj-, Pron.: this. Nom.Sg.n.: idaj.

cittaj: citta-, N.n.: mind. Nom.Sg. = cittaj.

maradheyyaj: maradheyya-, N.m.: the Realm of Mara. A compound of:
mara-, N.m.: Mara, the Evil One, Death.
dheyya-, N.m.: realm, kingdom. Originally a grd. of the verb root dha- (to put,
to place, to claim).
Acc.Sg. = maradheyyaj.

pahatave, V., inf.: in order to leave. The verb root ha- (to abandon) with strengthening prefix pa-. The infinitive in -tave is very old, actually from Vedic Sanskrit. It has the meaning of "in order to" or "so as to".

List of Abbreviations

The subject of this sentence is the word cittaj (mind, nominative singular) with its attribute, demonstrative pronoun idaj (this, nominative singular). The verb is pariphandati (trembles, 3rd person, singular, active, indicative, present tense).
The first part of the verse forms a subordinate clause to the main sentence: varijo va thale khitto okamokata ubbhato (Like a fish, thrown from all abodes on a dry ground). Here, the subject is varijo (fish, nominative singular). The past participle khitto (thrown, nominative singular) fulfills the role of the verb. The object is thale (on the ground, locative singular). Two adverbs (okamokata, from all abodes; ubbhato, both) are attributes to the past participle khitto. The particle va (as, like) connects this clause to the main sentence.
The end of the verse forms another clause. It expresses the reason for the action in main sentence. There is a verb in its infinitive form. It is so called dative infinitive. Thus pahatave means "in order to leave". The object is maradheyyaj (Mara's realm, accusative singular).

Commentary:

The story for this verse is the same as for the previous one (DhP 33). Our mind is indeed wavering, writhing and difficult to restrain, like a snake or a young branch. An arrow maker making an arrow has to straighten it first; otherwise it would be a worthless arrow. In the same way, we have to straighten the mind; otherwise we cannot hit the goal with it.
When we want to leave Mara's realm, the world, the mind trembles and flickers just like a fish thrown on a dry ground, suddenly without its familiar surroundings, unable to relate to this new situation.

Sentence pronunciation:

Sentence pronunciation

Word pronunciation:

varijo
va
thale
khitto
okamokata
ubbhato
pariphandati
idaj
cittaj
maradheyyaj
pahatave