Gatha | Sentence Translation | Sentence Structure
Vocabulary&Grammar | Commentary | Pronunciation

List of Abbreviations

# yassa paraj aparaj va paraparaj na vijjati

# vitaddaraj visajyuttaj tam ahaj brumi brahmanaj

# (DhP 385)

Sentence Translation:

For whom there does not exist the opposite shore, this shore nor both shores,
who is fearless and detached - him do I call a Brahmin.

Sentence Structure:
List of Abbreviations

yassa paraj aparaj va para+aparaj na vijjati
| | | | | | | |
Rel.Pron.m. N.n. N.n. conj. N.n. N.n. neg. V.pas.in.
Gen.Sg. Nom.Sg. Nom.Sg. | | Nom.Sg. | 3.Sg.pres.
| | | | |_______| |______|
| |_______|______|_______| |
| |___| |
| |______________________|
|____________________________________|
|_________________________________________________

List of Abbreviations

vita+ddaraj visajyuttaj tam ahaj brumi brahmanaj
| | | | | | |
Adj. Adj.m. Adj.m. Pron.m. Pron. V.act.in. N.m.
| Acc.Sg. Acc.Sg. Acc.Sg. Nom.Sg. 1.Sg.pres. Acc.Sg.
|_______| | | | | |
|____________| | | | |
|_____________| | | |
|_____________|________|________|
| |____|
|______|
___________________________________|

Vocabulary and Grammar:
List of Abbreviations

yassa: yat-, Rel.Pron.: that, which. Gen.Sg.m. = yassa (whose).

paraj: para-, N.n.: the opposite shore, the other side. Nom.Sg. = paraj.

aparaj: apara-, N.n.: this shore, this side. It is the word para-, N.n. (see above) negated by the negative prefix a-. Nom.Sg. = aparaj.

va, conj.: or.

paraparaj: parapara-, N.n.: both this shore and the opposite shore. It is a compound of:
para-, N.n.: the opposite shore, the other side.
apara-, N.n.: see above.
Euphonic combination: para- + apara- = parapara-.
Nom.Sg. = paraparaj.

na, neg.: not.

vijjati, V.: exists, is found. The verb root is vid- (to find). 3.Sg.pas.in.pres. = vijjati.

List of Abbreviations

vitaddaraj: vitaddara-, Adj.: fearless, whose fear is gone. It is a compound of:
vita-, Adj.: gone. It is a p.p. of the verb i- (to go) with the prefix vi- (away).
dara-, N.m.: fear, pain.
Euphonic combination: vita- + dara- = vitaddara-.
Acc.Sg. = vitaddaraj.

visajyuttaj: visajyutta-, Adj.: unattached, detached. It is the word sajyutta-, Adj. (this is a p.p. of the verb root yuj-, to bind, with the prefix saj-, together) with the prefix vi- (away, without).
Acc.Sg.m. = visajyuttaj.

tam: tad-, Pron.: it. Masculine form: so-, he. Acc.Sg. = tam (him).

ahaj, Pron.: I. Nom.Sg. = ahaj.

brumi, V.: [I] say, proclaim. The verb root is bru-. 1.Sg.act.in.pres. = brumi.

brahmanaj: brahmana-, N.m.: Brahmin, a holy man. Acc.Sg. = brahmanaj.

List of Abbreviations

This verse consists of two syntactically related sentences. They are:
1) yassa paraj aparaj va paraparaj na vijjati (for whom there does not exist the opposite shore, this shore nor both shores). There are three subjects in this sentence, the nouns paraj (the opposite shore, nominative singular), aparaj (this shore, nominative singular) and paraparaj (the opposite shore and this shore, nominative singular). They are connected by the conjunction va (or). The verb is vijjati (exists, 3rd person, singular, passive, indicative, present tense). It is negated by the negative particle na (not). The sentence is introduced by the relative pronoun yassa (whose, genitive singular), which connects it to the following sentence.
2) vitaddaraj visajyuttaj tam ahaj brumi brahmanaj (fearless and detached - him do I call a Brahmin). The subject is the pronoun ahaj (I, nominative singular). The verb is brumi ([I] say, 1st person, singular, active, indicative, present tense). The object is the noun brahmanaj (Brahmin, accusative singular). It has three attributes, the pronoun tam (him, accusative singular), the compound vitaddaraj (fearless, accusative singular) and the past participle visajyutaj (detached, accusative singular).

Commentary:

Mara once approached the Buddha and asked him what does the word para (the other shore) mean. The Buddha knew that it was Mara and replied with this verse, saying that the other shore is the Nirvana, which only the Arahants can reach.

Sentence pronunciation:

Sentence pronunciation

Word pronunciation:

yassa
paraj
aparaj
va
paraparaj
para
na
vijjati
vitaddaraj
vita
daraj
visajyuttaj
tam
ahaj
brumi
brahmanaj