Gatha | Sentence Translation | Sentence Structure
Vocabulary&Grammar | Commentary | Pronunciation

List of Abbreviations

# idha tappati pecca tappati papakari ubhayattha tappati

# papaj me katan ti tappati bhiyyo tappati duggatij gato

# (DhP 17)

Translation:

He is tormented here, he is tormented after death, in both states is the wrongdoer tormented.
He is tormented [by the thought] "I have done evil". He is tormented even more, having gone to a bad birth.

Sentence Structure:
List of Abbreviations

idha tappati pecca tappati papa+kari ubhayattha tappati
| | | | | | | |
Adv. V.pas.in. V.ger. V.pas.in. N.n. N.m. Adv. V.pas.in.
| 3.Sg.pres. | 3.Sg.pres. | Nom.Sg. | 3.Sg.pres.
|_______| |________| |____| |________|
|________________| |____________|
|___________________________| List of Abbreviations
papaj me katan ti tappati bhiyyo tappati duggatij gato
| | | | | | | | |
Nom.n. Pron. Adj.n. Part. V.pas.in. Adv. V.pas.in. N.f. Adj.m.
Nom.Sg. Ins.Sg. Nom.Sg. | 3.Sg.pres. | 3.Sg.pres. Acc.Sg. Nom.Sg.
|__________|_______| | | |_______| |________|
|_____| | | |________________|
|_______________| | |
|______________| |
|____________________________|

Vocabulary and Grammar:
List of Abbreviations

idha, Adv.: here, in this world.

tappati, V.: to be tormented, to be consumed by remorse. Pass. of tap- (to be hot, to burn). 3.Sg.pas.in.pres. = tappati.

pecca, V.: after death. It is a ger. of the verb i- (to go) with the prefix pa- (directional prefix of forward motion). This verb means literally "to go over", it is used as an euphemism for "to die".

papakari: papakarin-, N.m.: wrong-doer. A compound of:
papa-, N.n.: evil, wrong doing.
karin-, N.m.: doer. Derived (by adding the possessive suffix -in) from the word
kara-, N.m.: act, action (this derived from the verb kar-, to do).
Nom.Sg. = papakari.

List of Abbreviations

ubhayattha, Adv.: in both cases.

papaj: papa-, N.n.: evil, wrong doing. Nom.Sg. = papaj.

me: aham-, Pron.: I. Ins.Sg. = maya, short form me (by me).

katan-, kata-, Adj.: done. P.p. of the verb kar- (to do). Nom.Sg.n. = kataj. The form katan is due to the euphonic combination (kataj + ti = katan ti).

ti, part.: (sometimes written as iti) usually a particle, symbolizing the end of direct speech (in English that is expressed by quotation marks).

bhiyyo, Adv.: more, further, in a higher degree.

duggatij: duggati-, N.f.: a miserable existence, a realm of misery, undesirable rebirth. Composed of:
du-, pref.: bad, difficult.
gati-, N.f.: existence, rebirth. Derived from the verb gam- (to go).
Acc.Sg. = duggatij.

gato: gata-, Adj.: gone. P.p. of the verb gam- (to go). Nom.Sg.m. = gato.
List of Abbreviations

The first line consists of loosely connected sentences. They are:

1) idha tappati ([the wrongdoer] is tormented here). Here the subject is omitted (it is the word papakari from the third sentence). The verb tappati (grieves) is in 3rd person singular, present tense, passive voice, indicative. The adverb idha (here) is an attribute to the verb.

2) pecca socati ([the wrongdoer] is tormented after death). Again, the subject is the word papakari from the following sentence. The verb is tappati (as above). The gerund pecca (having gone) is an attribute to the verb.

3) papakari ubhayattha tappati (the wrongdoer is tormented in both states). The subject of this sentence (and of the two previous ones) is the word papakari (wrongdoer). It is in nominative singular. The verb is tappati (explained above). The adverb ubhayattha (in both places) serves as an attribute to the verb.

The second line consists of two segments:

1) papaj me katan ti tappati (He is tormented [by the thought] "I have done evil"). Here the subject is omitted, it is the word papakari from the previous sentence and the verb is tappati (as above). There is a direct speech clause inserted - papaj me katan ti. Here the subject is papaj (evil, nominative singular). And as a verb serves the past participle kataj (done, nominative singular). The pronoun me (by me, instrumental singular) is an attribute to the verb. The particle ti marks the end of the direct speech.

2) bhiyyo tappati duggatij gato (He is tormented even more, having gone to a bad birth). The sentence is introduced by the adverb bhiyyo (more). The subject is again the word papakari from the first line. The verb is also tappati. The verb has an attribute - the word gato (gone, past participle, nominative singular), which in turn has its own attribute duggatij (to the bad birth, accusative singular).

Commentary:
This pair of verses (DhP 17 and DhP 18) is closely related to the previous pair (DhP 15 and DhP 16).
Here again, the evildoer is tormented both here and in the next life. Not only does the very idea that he has done evil torment him, but even more grief awaits him in his next life, where he will go to the undesirable states of being - as an animal, to the hell etc.

Sentence pronunciation:

Sentence pronunciation

Word pronunciation:

idha
tappati
pecca
papakari
ubhayattha
papaj
me
katan
ti
bhiyyo
duggatij
gato