Gatha | Sentence Translation | Sentence Structure
Vocabulary&Grammar | Commentary | Pronunciation

List of Abbreviations

# ratiya jayati soko ratiya jayati bhayaj

# ratiya vippamuttassa natthi soko kuto bhayaj

# (DhP 214)

Sentence Translation:

From attachment, grief is born. From attachment, fear is born.
One freed from attachment has no grief, whence fear?

Sentence Structure:
List of Abbreviations

ratiya jayati soko ratiya jayati bhayaj
| | | | | |
N.f. V.med.in. N.m. N.f. V.med.in. N.n.
Abl.Sg. 3.Sg.pres. Nom.Sg. Abl.Sg. 3.Sg.pres. Nom.Sg.
|__________| | |_______| |
|_____________| |____________|

List of Abbreviations

ratiya vippamuttassa na atthi soko kuto bhayaj
| | | | | | |
N.f. Adj.m. neg. V.act.in. N.m. Adv. N.n.
Abl.Sg. Gen.Sg. | 3.Sg.pres. Nom.Sg. | Nom.Sg.
|___________| |_____| | |______|
|_______________| |________|
|________________________|

Vocabulary and Grammar:
List of Abbreviations

ratiya: rati-, N.f.: love, attachment. Abl.Sg. = ratiya.

jayati, V.: is born. The verb root is jan- (to be born). 3.Sg.med.in.pres. = jayati. The form jayati is sometimes used in poetry.

soko: soka-, N.m.: grief, sorrow. Nom.Sg. = soko.

ratiya: see above.

jayati: see above.

bhayaj: bhaya-, N.n.: fear. Nom.Sg. = bhayaj.

List of Abbreviations

ratiya: see above.

vippamuttassa: vippamutta-, Adj.: emancipated, freed, released. It is a p.p. of the verb muc- (to release) with the prefixes vi- (meaning separation) and pa- (strengthening). Gen.Sg.m. = vippamuttassa.

na, neg.: not.

atthi, V.: is. The verb root is as- (to be). 3.Sg.act.in.pres. = atthi.
Euphonic combination: na + atthi = natthi.

soko: see above.

kuto, Adv.: Whence? Where from?

bhayaj: see above.

List of Abbreviations

This verse consists of three syntactically separate sentences. They are:
1) ratiya jayati soko (from attachment, grief is born). The subject is the noun soko (grief, nominative singular). The verb is jayati (is born, 3rd person, singular, medium, indicative, present tense). It has an attribute, the noun ratiya (from attachment, ablative singular).
2) ratiya jayati bhayaj (from attachment, fear is born). The subject is the noun bhayaj (fear, nominative singular). The verb is jayati (is born, 3rd person, singular, medium, indicative, present tense). It has an attribute, the noun ratiya (from attachment, ablative singular).
3) ratiya vippamuttassa natthi soko kuto bhayaj (one freed from attachment has no grief, whence fear?). This can be further analysed into two segments:
a) ratiya vippamuttassa natthi soko (one freed from attachment has no grief). The subject is the noun soko (grief, nominative singular). The verb is atthi (is, 3rd person, singular, active, indicative, present tense). It is negated by the negative particle na (not). The verb has an attribute, the past participle vippamuttassa (of the one who is freed, genitive singular). This word has also an attribute, the noun ratiya (from attachment, ablative singular).
b) kuto bhayaj (whence fear?). The subject is the noun bhayaj (fear, nominative singular). The verb is omitted, implying the verb "to be". The adverb kuto (whence?) can be seen as an attribute to this verb.

Commentary:

Once the Buddha with some monks entered the city of Vesali during a festival day. On their way they met some local princes, all dressed up in beautiful clothes. The Buddha told the monks to look at the princes, because they resemble the gods from Tavatimsa heaven.
On their way to the garden, the ptrinces met a beautiful courtesan. They invited her to join them. But they started to quarrel over her and soon they were fighting. At the end some of them had to be carried home bleeding.
The Buddha told the monks this verse, saying that grief and sorrow are born from affection and sensual pleasures.

Sentence pronunciation:

Sentence pronunciation

Word pronunciation:
ratiya
jayati
soko
bhayaj
vippamuttassa
na
atthi
kuto